Here, the speaker's ability to move away from the traditional speech patterns of the native varieties is argued to be an important part of ELF research. Sewell then considers the implications of the ELF debate for ELT professionals and learners of English, and he highlights the importance of acknowledging language variation when teaching and learning English. ... One is the (traditional) idea that English is a lingua franca for a non-native speaker constituency which should pursue knowledge of the language as if it were a foreign language. This concept of linguistic imperialism has been developed and heavily used by Robert Phillipson. Hülmbauer, Cornelia. (eds.). Baird, Robert, Baker, Will and Kitazawa, Mariko (2014). Vienna Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE). [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Breiteneder argues that learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) often have an integrative motivation for learning and using English since they wish to identify with the culture and values of English native speakers. Paradowski, Michał B. World Englishes. Prof. Jenkins is one of the most prominent figures in ELF scholarship, and has published numerous books and articles on the topic. Nowadays, English is a common lingua franca across the sphere because it is used for the purpose of communication globally. Powered by JustWatch. Volume III. 2005. “The role of speakers' first and other languages in English as a lingua franca talk.” Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Vienna. Arbingdon, UK: Routledge. 2003. “English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism?” Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 4, 556-578. Although most contemporary linguists regard English as a lingua franca (ELF) as a valuable means of international communication and worthwhile object of study, some have challenged its value and the idea that ELF is a distinct variety of English at all. 2005. “English as a global language – What do future teachers have to say?” In *Gnutzmann, Claus; Intemann, Frauke (eds.). However, Sewell's paper, according to Dewey, does raise awareness of the need to rethink the terms used when talking about ELF. 2009. “Erasmus exchange students. Recent Examples on the Web These researchers argue that quantum field theory, the current lingua franca of particle physics, tells far too convoluted a story. Culture in lingua franca conversation.” In: Knapp, Karlfried; Meierkord, Christiane (eds.). English, he suggests, will be the last lingua franca. Gnutzmann, Claus; Intemann, Frauke (eds.). 2002. “From chaos to the smallest common denominator. Oxford: Routledge. 2002. The Globalisation of English and the English Language Classroom. Seidlhofer, Barbara; Widdowson, Henry G. 2003. “House work and student work. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 109-133. Negotiating culture in English as a lingua franca.” Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Vienna. Lingua franca definition: A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 1 LINGUA-FRANCA Iffatara Nargis STD No- Department of English Green University Bangladesh 2. Geburtstag. The lingua franca role of English, coupled with its status as the official language of ASEAN, has important implications for language policy and language education. Berlin: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. 2001. “English for globalization or for the world’s people?”. 2009. “The lingua franca factor.” Intercultural pragmatics 6: 2, 147-170. in Lesznyák 2002. Zeiss, Nadine. Paradowski, Michał B. The Globalisation of English and the English language classroom. It should be made clear, moreover, that my own position here is that a lingua franca must be inclusive as opposed to exclusive. 8: 115-127. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Müller. Other terms with slightly different meanings have been used in the debate and research on the global spread of English, including "English as an International Language" (EIL), "Global English", "Global Englishes", "International English", "World English" and "World Englishes", and "Globish" (Global English). For instance, international communication via ELF has facilitated exchange between China and the rest of the world, thus sustaining international trade. Spoken ELF contains a huge amount of linguistic variation and non-standard forms (although formal written ELF tends to resemble ENL to a much greater extent)," (Mackenzie 2014). This early lingua franca featured the use of invariant forms of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Galloway, Nicola & Rose, Heath (2015). 2008. “English as a Lingua Franca. Winds of change in the English language – Air of peril for native speakers? English as a lingua franca in Europe. Breiteneder, Angelika. A study in cross-cultural understanding. 2005. “’I don’t think I should learn all this.’ – A Longitudinal View of Attitudes Towards ‘Native Speaker’ English.” In: Gnutzmann, Claus; Intemann, Frauke. DOI:10.1080/13556509.2013.10798856. [Print version of Breiteneder 2005.] 25-46. The distinctiveness of ELF comes from the rapid pace of language evolution and innovation, enhanced in the ELF context due to the linguistic and cultural diversity of English speakers, where understanding is more important than using Standard features. Criticism of ELF generally falls into three camps:[citation needed] Those who argue that the language studied consists of learner errors rather than authentic variation; those who argue that ELF scholars are perpetuating the idea that ELF is a reified variety of English; and those who feel it is upholding notions of neutrality in the face of global domination through languages and discourse. The French – whose language was the last viable alternative in the race to become the world’s lingua franca – are understandably sore about the triumph of English. English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and findings. Breiteneder, Angelika Maria. International Review of Education 47: 3, 185-200. Mortensen, J. The origin of the term “Lingua Franca” is traced back to the Middle Ages when it was used to describe a language or jargon used around the eastern Mediterranean by traders and Crusaders. 1, pp. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 7(2) [Special Issue: English as a Lingua Franca. Once descriptions are available of how speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds use ELF, this will make it possible to consider whether it would make sense to think of English as it is spoken by its non-native speakers as falling into different varieties, just as is the English spoken by its native speakers. The world has turned into an interconnected global system, which requires a shared means of communication. Another example is the case of Juliane House,[51] a German scholar who explains in her article "English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism?" 2005. “Exploring the third space. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Müller. Lingua franca 1. MacKenzie, Ian. 2005. “’I don’t think I should learn all this.’ – A Longitudinal View of Attitudes Towards ‘Native Speaker’ English.” In: Gnutzmann, Claus; Intemann, Frauke. Contrastingly, Davies criticises the concept and argues that it is “inhabited” by two cultures: one is a culture of guilt ("colonies should never have happened") the other is that of romantic despair ("we shouldn’t be doing what we are doing").[52]. This page was last edited on 26 November 2020, at 21:31. The ‘habitat factor’ in English as a lingua franca interactions.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 177, 151-17. It is likely that ELF, like any other natural language, will turn out to vary, and to change over time. Notes on English used as a lingua franca as an object of study. Some, including English and French, were imported and used by administrators, missionaries, and traders during the colonial period. An important issue when discussing ELF is the notion of speakers of ELF being active language users in their own right, who do not need to adhere to native speaker norms but use ELF to meet their communicative needs. The relationship between lexicogrammatical correctness and communicative effectiveness in English as a lingua franca.” Views 16: 2, 3-36. 1996. “Review Article: Ironising the myth of Linguicism.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. For people to adapt to certain situations, learning English has become a necessity. Björkman, Beyza. For Hülmbauer, for instance, “it seems likely that the ELF users develop their own markers of identity (be they a common 'European' or 'international' nature or more individual ones which are created online, depending on the community of practice they are emerging).”[22] In this view, ELF is multicultural rather than culture-free. One study of a Japanese Medical English as a Lingua Franca (MELF) context[31] showed that student doctors made use of empathic accommodation and solicitation strategies to make interactions more intelligible. The approach to ELF should be more non-essentialist according to Sewell who points out that ELF does not involve a set of features or skills that distinguishes it from languages in general, as all language usage is varied. In telling the story of a woman who, like her, is a transgender Filipina, Sandoval encompasses not just the complicated issue of sexual identity but also the dangers of being an immigrant in Trump’s America. Mollin, Sandra. See lingua franca in the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. [18][19][20][21] Recent linguistic discussions by ELF experts treat the interactants' cultural and linguistic background as a factor influencing language performance. 2005. “Exploring the third space. Language as a Local Practice, London: Routledge. [9] A consequence of this is a sense of ownership of the language which is shared by different communities. Firth, Alan. [53] "Global Englishes" (GEs) is generally seen to align closely with ELF,[54][55] seeing that language use is variable and is very much intermingled with cultural flows, situated contextualisation, and complex interactional alignment between people; whereas the other terms mentioned above tend to be seen as more linguistic in nature (e.g., "'Globish", proposing forms of simplified English needed for communication, vs. ELF and GEs, describing what people actually do when communicating [simple or not]; and "World Englishes", generally accounting for language features and commonalities by region/group, vs. ELF, looking at situated communicative use of English). Kalocsai, Karolina. (2010). Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Vienna. (eds.) Did you manage to communicate? It is a significant element to foster bridges gap and connects people around the globe. He claims that it is counterproductive to polarise ELF and non-ELF and native and non-native speakers, as there is great diversity in all areas of English language usage. Topic management in English lingua franca communication.” In Knapp, Karlfried; Meierkord, Christiane (eds.). While ELF communication is highly variable, there are features which have been identified as regularly (although not always) occurring. [47][48][49] This leads to linear connections between intention, behaviour, culture, etc., and English usages, which can be false lines of corrolation. Assessing Variety Status. 2006. “In and on their own terms. [11] However, very often they form a minority of the interlocutors. Grau, Maike. Lingua franca communication. Dewey argues that even though Sewell's article is meant to be a critique of ELF, several of his ‘non-essentialist’ views on language are compatible with those of Cogo and other ELF researchers, thus undermining his argument. Changing attitudes in an inter-connected world. Sewell[45] (2013) argued that the debate about ELF between Sowden and Cogo fails to acknowledge the variation that characterises language use today. 2, No. Sowden argues that ELF researchers encourage ELF speakers to use specific varieties of English over others, an argument that Cogo refutes by stating that researchers only use empirical data to show what happens in ELF interactions, and never to tell speakers what to use. "Seeing as the movement to bring forth the conceptualization of English as a lingua franca is gaining momentum worldwide, and more specifically for Europe, it is imperative that an analysis is made of the implications of the two differing approaches. Besides, English Language operates as the lingua franca of this new millennium. It is well known that divisions between languages are arbitrary, and therefore those between varieties of a language have to be as well. [42] Thus, native speaker norms occupy a central place if English is studied as a foreign language. Phillipson, Robert (1992), Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press. This could also be the reason why English has become the world’s lingua franca since it is already widely used in various countries around the globe. English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is English when it is used between two or more people who do not have the same first language. Several attitude studies on the topic of ELF have already been conducted. Lastly, Cogo contests Sowden's view on ELF researchers themselves. 2008, Apr. Seidlhofer, Barbara. The other, upheld by those who have bought into the world Englishes paradigm, is to see English as a lingua franca for interlocutors who use it with others in multicultural settings (and thus see English in its diversity as opposed to viewing English as a prescriptive entity defined by idealized inner-circle speakers). Although some researchers hold that English as a lingua franca is a neutral and culture-free tool,[16][17] others hold that it carries the culture and language of its speakers. However, these features are by no means invariant or “obligatory”. Firth, Alan. Spichtinger, Daniel. 2009. “The lingua franca factor.” Intercultural pragmatics 6: 2, 147-170. p.161-163. English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is a term used to describe the use of English as a common language for communication between speakers whose first language is not English. And that may well be the biggest challenge for ELFE in the 21st century. For many people, the answer is likely to be: with other people who do not speak English as a first language. British linguist Jennifer Jenkins points out that ELF is not a new phenomenon. 2005. “English as a lingua franca.” ELF Journal 59: 4, 339-340. It will be argued that the role of English in Asia has now extended beyond operating at intranational level, as evidenced by the existence of established varieties of … Seidlhofer, Barbara. English is the largest of human tongues, with several times the vocabulary of the second largest language. A behind-the-scenes view into an ELF community of practice”. The term was the combination of the term “Lingua” and “Franca” where “lingua” directly translates to “language” while “franca” directly means “Franks,” a t… 2005. “Exploiting redundancy in English as a European Lingua Franca: The case of the ‘third person –s’.” Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Vienna. : from Italian, literally ‘Frankish tongue’. In Mauranen, Anna and Ranta, Elina (eds.). Whilst recognising Cogo's clarifications regarding several misconceptions of ELF, Sewell also points out and discusses some of the questions Cogo's article arises. A research study of MELF interactions where nurses negotiated a patient handover simulation indicated that areas of unintelligibility represented a potential threat to patient safety, through misrecognition of vocabulary related to medication, as well as other areas of lexical imprecision.[30]. As far as Marko Modiano is concerned, there are two ways to approach deciding who English is a lingua franca for. 2000. In this post from the Talk to the Expert series, TEA had the pleasure to talk to prof. Jennifer Jenkins about English as a Lingua Franca and its influence on ELT and the status of non-native English speaking teachers. 2006. “Issues in researching English as a lingua franca: a conceptual enquiry.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 19: 2, 117-135. Dewey[46] (2013) criticises Sewell's critical position on the debate, showing how it lacks substance and largely misrepresents the field. [50] Although Phillipson suggests this idea, there are some controversial facts[which?] 2001. “Closing a conceptual gap: the case for a description of English as a lingua franca.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11: 2, 133-158. …many widespread trade languages and lingua francas in addition to those mentioned above. Prescriptivists (generally non-linguists) tend to dismiss ELF as a kind of foreigner talk or what has been disparagingly called BSE—"bad simple English." It will then review the development of English in selected Asian countries and its role in those countries today. 2009. Barbara Seidlhofer. 2005. The Globalisation of English and the English language classroom. English has not become the global ‘lingua franca’ as a result of colonialism or soft power initiatives. 2002. “’Language stripped bare’ or ‘linguistic masala’? These include the relationship between English, the respective national languages of ASEAN, and thousands of local languages. Because of the use of English as a lingua franca in international trade and intercultural communication, native speakers of English are outnumbered by non-native speakers, which is a situation that is quite atypical for western European languages. Seidlhofer, Barbara. The Spread of English and its Appropriation. 2008. “'So where we are?' Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language) 2(1), 92–119. ELF is used globally in many ways, and this includes important matters of politics and diplomacy. 1996. “The discursive accomplishment of normality. Phillipson, Robert. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, vol. Klimpfinger, Theresa. The status of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has become an increasingly popular discourse in Applied Linguistics and current ELT. From pragmatic motives to lexico-grammatical innovation.” Nordic Journal of English Studies. English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" (Seidlhofer 2016: 20) and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option " (Seidlhofer 2011: 7). The choice of a language that becomes a lingua franca, so merely the language of communication between people who do not share a common native language of communication ( Richards, Platt, & Weber, 1985), is always linked with many socio-cultural, and probably, more importantly, political reasons. Regarding the first stance, some linguists claim that variation in ELF is completely haphazard and devoid of any patterns, and therefore not worth studying. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Klimpfinger, Theresa. The term English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to the teaching, learning, and use of English as a common means of communication (or contact language) for speakers of different native languages. (eds.) [27] Studies of Medical English as a Lingua Franca (MELF)[28] provide opportunities to investigate ELF interactions where communicative precision is critical, and the migration of healthcare practitioners across international borders (a phenomenon consistent with the "deterritorialisation" of ELF generally),[29] have created conditions where MELF interactions are increasingly commonplace. Sowden argues that introducing ELF in ELT will lead to differences between schools where this is implemented, and schools which have the freedom to use a native standard model, favouring the latter. Pitzl, Marie-Luise. English in European integration and globalization.” World Englishes 27: 2, 250-267. In ELF interactions, intelligibility is key, which may not necessitate an advantage for native speakers (see above). English fulfills the need for a global lingua franca for it has spread to large areas of the world due to colonisation and the widespread teaching of English as a foreign language. 2006. “Efficiency in ELF communication. 2009. "As well as being used—often in a very simple form—by tourists, ELF is prominent in international politics and diplomacy, international law, business, the media, and in tertiary education and scientific research—which Yamuna Kachru and Larry Smith (2008: 3) call ELF's 'mathetic function'—so it is clearly not a reduced lingua franca in the term's original (Frankish) sense," notes Ian Mackenzie before going on to elaborate on the ways in which this application of English differs from native English. The Globalisation of English and the English language classroom. This chapter will begin with a brief historical review of languages which have operated as lingua francas across East and Southeast Asia. Euro English. Ferguson, Gibbson. Isabel Sandoval has a light tough with some weighty subject matter in the indie drama “Lingua Franca,” which she stars in, wrote, produced, and directed. 2006. “Towards making ‘Euro-English’ a linguistic reality.” In: Bolton, Kinglsey; Kachru, Braj B. English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is English when it is used by non-native speakers to communicate with native speakers. Studies and findings. [56], Use of the English language for international communication, Hülmbauer, Cornelia et al. : Peter Lang, 163-194. 2007. “'You moved, aren't?' Have you ever tried to communicate with someone who doesn't speak your language? Apples – Journal of Applied Linguistics Series 3 (1), 25-49. 2008 “Introducing English as a lingua franca (ELF): Precursor and partner in intercultural communication.” Synergies Europe 3, 25-36. English, as a language, open doors of opportunities for students to enable them to reach their goals and dreams. With English acting as an international language, it enables people who do not share a common native language to interact. 2013. A natural development. Pennycook, A. In the past, Arabic became the "lingua franca" of the Islamic World (from AD 733 - AD 1492), which at a certain point … ELF is also used on a much smaller scale. Pölzl, Ulrike. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Hülmbauer, Cornelia et al. . • English as a lingua franca- threat to Urdu ( Dawn news article13 May 2017 14. Implications for Translator and Interpreter Education], 312–20 [review article]. [24][25], Most data on ELF interactions has been drawn from the domains of business and higher education,[26] and that in largely European contexts, perhaps factors accounting for the relatively rare instances of miscommunication.
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